Use of Forensic Chemistry in Narcotic and Poison Detection

Narcotics are substances that affect the central nervous system and can lead to addiction or death. They include:

• Natural drugs (e.g., cannabis, opium)

• Synthetic drugs (e.g., MDMA, LSD, methamphetamine)

• Prescription drug abuse (e.g., morphine, fentanyl)

Where forensic chemistry is applied:

1. Seized materials analysis: Powders, pills, liquids from police raids are tested to confirm drug type and purity.

2. Blood and urine samples: Collected from suspects or victims in drug-facilitated crimes (like date rape or DUI cases).

3. Drug trafficking cases: Tracing chemical markers in seized drugs helps identify sources or manufacturing routes.

Common Techniques Used:

• Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Gold standard for identifying complex drug mixtures.

• Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Identifies functional groups in unknown compounds.

• High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Used for separating and quantifying active drug ingredients.

• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Quick screening of narcotics in field or lab settings.

• Color tests (preliminary): E.g., Marquis test for opiates, Scott test for cocaine.

Forensic Chemistry in Poison Detection

Poisoning Cases Include:

• Homicide or suicide (e.g., arsenic, cyanide, organophosphates)

• Accidental overdose (e.g., carbon monoxide, pesticides)

• Slow poisoning (e.g., thallium, lead, mercury)

What Forensic Chemists Analyze:

• Biological samples: Blood, urine, stomach contents, tissues from autopsies.

• Non-biological samples: Food, drink, soil, air, clothing, containers.

Detection Techniques:

• Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Identifies heavy metal poisoning (lead, arsenic, mercury).

• GC-MS & LC-MS: Used for volatile poisons and complex mixtures.

• Headspace Gas Chromatography: Used for detecting volatile substances like alcohol or cyanide.

• Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA): Used in toxicology screens for drugs and poisons.

• Reinsch Test: A classic method for detecting heavy metals like arsenic and mercury.

Legal Significance

• Reports from forensic chemical labs are admissible as expert evidence under Section 293 of CrPC (India).

• A positive drug or poison test can be the primary cause of conviction, especially when no witnesses are available.

• Forensic chemistry helps enforce acts like:

  • NDPS Act, 1985 (Narcotics)

  • Drugs and Cosmetics Act

  • Food Safety and Standards Act

  • Environmental Protection Act

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