File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an essential internet protocol provided by TCP/IP, designed to transfer files between systems over a network. Initially developed by Abhay Bhushan in 1971, FTP supports the exchange of software, data, and text files across diverse systems. The client is the localhost, while the server is the remote host.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an essential internet protocol provided by TCP/IP, designed to transfer files between systems over a network. Initially developed by Abhay Bhushan in 1971, FTP supports the exchange of software, data, and text files across diverse systems. The client is the localhost, while the server is the remote host.
Goals of FTP
- Encourages Remote Access: Simplifies interaction with remote systems.
- Hides System Differences: Manages OS, directory, and file structure variations.
- Facilitates File Sharing: Promotes easy data exchange.
Why Choose FTP?
Unlike HTTP, FTP is focused on reliable file transfers across heterogeneous systems. It supports ASCII, EBCDIC, and binary file formats, ensuring compatibility and efficiency.
Types of FTP Connections
- Active FTP: Server initiates the data channel, which can face issues with firewalls.
- Passive FTP: Client manages both command and data channels, making it firewall-friendly.
How FTP Works
- Client connects to the server on port 21 for the command channel.
- Credentials (or anonymous login) authenticate the user.
- Commands are exchanged to perform tasks.
- Files are transferred via the data channel on port 20 or dynamically assigned ports.
- The session ends with a termination command.
Transmission Modes
- Stream Mode: Transfers data in a continuous stream.
- Block Mode: Transfers data in blocks with headers.
- Compressed Mode: Compresses large files for efficient transfer.
FTP Commands
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
cd |
Change directory on the remote host. |
close |
Close the FTP connection. |
quit |
Quit the FTP session. |
pwd |
Display the current working directory. |
dir / ls |
List files in the current directory. |
help |
Display available FTP commands. |
remotehelp |
Display server-supported commands. |
type |
Specify file type. |
Applications of FTP
- Corporate Transfers: Sharing files across branches or partners.
- IT Backups: Disaster recovery and backup sites.
- Financial Services: Secure document transfer.
- Internal Sharing: Employee collaboration within organizations.
Advantages
- Multiple and large file transfers.
- Simple and fast implementation.
- Supports user ID/password security.
- Resume interrupted transfers.
Disadvantages
- Lacks encryption, exposing data to risks.
- Outdated technology with firewall issues.
- Limited permissions and mobile access.
- Requires more memory and programming effort.
For secure transfers, consider using SFTP (Secure FTP) or FTPS (FTP Secure), which add encryption to address FTP's security shortcomings.
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